Purpose: food security is a critical global challenge that is influenced by research and innovation in the field. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the scientific output of developing countries in food security and examine its relationship with patents and Gross Domestic Product (GDP).Methodology: This applied research utilized the Scientometric approach. A total of 8,416 papers published between 1992-2023 in the field of food security by developing countries were included in the study using citation databases from Clarivate Analytics. Additionally, patent registrations from the WIPO database and GDP data from the World Bank were analyzed. Information was collected through note-taking, and the data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.Findings: The findings reveal an upward trend in the publication and citation of scientific outputs related to food security in developing countries. China has higher numbers of papers, patents, GDP, and food production index compared to Iran, Japan, and South Korea. There is also a positive correlation observed between population and the number of papers, gross production and the number of papers, food production and the number of published papers, as well as the number of patents and papers citing scientific outputs of countries.Conclusion: These results highlight the significant relationship between increasing scientific output, GDP, the number of patents, and food security. Greater emphasis on food security contributes to enhanced scientific output, GDP, and innovation. Similarly, increasing scientific output, GDP, and innovation positively impact food security in countries.Value: This study emphasizes the importance of scientific outputs in driving technological advancements, innovations, and ultimately, ensuring food security in developing countries.

Successful reproduction and rearing of marine ornamental fish significantly depend on capturing, digesting, and assimilating sufficient amounts of Live food. The most limiting factor in producing marine ornamental fish is the requirement for appropriately sized Live food as a first feed. This issue is due to the small mouth size of many high commercial-value species. Therefore, the need for prey with the right size is one of the necessities in producing marine ornamental fish. In this regard, development and progress in the usage of new Live food are required to expand this industry. The most common Live food used in the rearing of marine ornamental fish larvae is rotifer and Artemia. These prey are not ideal in terms of size and especially nutritional aspects. Significant improvements in rearing marine ornamental fish larvae can be achieved by providing copepods and ciliates to feed them. Currently, various species of copepods can be successfully cultivated. The participation of copepods in the nutritional scheme of larvae, as exclusive feed or as a supplement to traditional prey such as rotifer and Artemia, is beneficial due to their high nutritional quality and a wider range of available sizes for different stages of larval development. Due to their small size, ciliates are a suitable food source for feeding the larvae of ornamental marine fish with very small mouth sizes. They have the characteristics of an effective Live food, such as rapid reproduction, tolerance to high-density cultures, consumption of various food items, and the possibility of enrichment.

Today, many different methods are applied for the correct use of foods and to prevent their deterioration. Ensuring healthy conditions for people in food consumption and consumption of healthy foods is very important for human welfare. In this study, food spoilage, the factors that cause food spoilage, its effects on a global basis, food transport systems (cold chain) and measures that prevent or delay food spoilage are discussed.

Background and Aim: food is the fundamental need of human life and has nutrients that support growth and health. Gastrointestinal tract microbiota includes beneficial microorganisms which have therapeutic effects and are known as probiotics. The studies on appropriate probiotic strains have led to the separation and identification of specific metabolic byproducts of probiotics known as postbiotics. Materials and Methods In this review study, relevant data were collected by searching for the keywords of "probiotics, postbiotics, immune system, bioactivity, disease, health improvement, food and pharmaceutical industries" in the Web of Science, PubMed, Medline and Scopus databases. All articles related to experimental studies were included in the study and articles without full text were excluded. Results: The probiotics must maintain their survival against inappropriate growth conditions of the processing, storage, distribution, preparation, and digestive system so that they can exert their beneficial effects on health. Conversely, probiotic metabolites can successfully overcome these unfavorable conditions and maybe a good alternative to probiotics. Considering their specific chemical structure, safety, long shelf-life, and the fact that they contain various signaling molecules, postbiotics may have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, inhibitory effect on abnormal cell proliferation, and antioxidant activities. Conclusions: Postbiotics can mimic the fundamental and clinical role of probiotics, and due to their unique characteristics, they can be used in a deLivery system (pharmaceutical/functional foods) to achieve health-promotion objectives and also prevention, and treatment of diseases.

Species diversity of macrobenthos in Fusheh River, in Guilan Province, North Iran was studied and biological indices developed based on macroinvertebrates were used to evaluate the health status of the river. Macrobenthos sampling in the river was carried out at 4 stations on a monthly basis beginning from May to December 2016 using a Sorber sampler (mesh size of 300 μm and surface area of 900 cm2) with three repetitions. The sampled macrobenthos were preserved in 96% ethanol and transported to the laboratory for identification. A total of 4928 individuals from two phyla of Arthropoda and Annelida, three classes of insects (Insecta), crustaceans (Crustacea) and Clitellata as well as 8 orders (including Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Haplotaxida) along with 25 families and 31 genera were identified. The most abundant genera were Simulium sp. (35.84-46.65%), Hydropsychae sp. (15.79-33.36%) and Baetis sp. (7.87-17.66%). Parameters of total abundance, EPT richness, EPT percentage and EPT/CHIR ratio were also calculated. The EPT richness showed a significant difference in monthly samplings (p<0.05). The presence of species sensitive to pollution such as Perla sp., Isoperla sp., Chloroperla sp., Oligoneuriella sp., Heptagenia sp., Rithrogena sp., Epeorus sp., Rhyacophila sp. and Philorus sp. belonging to orders Trichoptera, Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera exhibits both the good quality of river water and the desirability of species and genera as natural food for the river fish species.

Artemia nauplii and rotifier are considered as the most important Live food in aquaculture because of their high nutritional quality, suitable size and mobility. The survival rate and resistance of white shrimp (Litopenaus vannamei) postlarvae fed by Artemia urmiana, Brachinus plicatilisand concentrated food were investigated. Larvae at the stage of Protozoae 1were stocked in 14 liters plastic containers filled by 6 liters of water. There were 75 larvae per liter in each container. The larvae were fed in 3 treatments: T1 (rotifier), T2 (Artemia) and T3 (concentrated food). Each treatment was repeated 3 times and used during Protozoae 1 (PL1) to Post-larvae 5 (PL5) stages. Data analysis was done through Duncan Test. We observed that from Mysis 1 stage to PL1 the rotifier can be used for shrimp feeding and from this stage to PL5, Artemia nauplii can be used as food for the larvae. To evaluate the quality of larvae, the physiological resistance tests were conducted against formalin and salinity in different periods of time (30, 60 and 90 minutes). We found that at the PL1 stage, the maximum survival (100%) in formalin tests (100ppm) and (200ppm) and salinity test (15ppt) was related to feeding the shrimp larvae with rotifier. However, at the PLs stage, the maximumsurvival (100%) under the same conditions was related to application of Artemia nauplii food. The concentrated food showed the minimum survival in all tests.

Acipenser persicus Species is native to Iran, hatching rate of production had the highest rate but a high larval mortality. So to raise the percentage of survival and resistance to stress factors in artificial reproduction, freshwater rotifer was enriched with vitamin C feeding the active feeding stage larvae (Exogenous).Thus four treatments were considered. Treatment 1: the same treatment process Shahid beheshti Hatchery first sections Napleus Artemia were then fed Daphnia Treatment 2: a mixture of Artemia Nauples, Rotifer and daphnia equal amount. Treatment 3: Freshwater rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus) Treatment 4: Rotifer enriched with vitamin C (Ascorbic acid palmitate) was studied. The number of larvae weighting (43 ± 0.5) mg in 100-liter Tank had been making 35 liters of water up to 8 days after initiation of external feeding were studied. During the review Biometry was performed three times. Feeding was based on 20 percent wet body weight four times daily. Average temperatures during the study (22.5 ± 0.5) cintigrad degree, pH water (8.5 ± 0.1) Oxygen (9.58 ± 0.2) mg /lwas measured. Results of the fatty acid profile showed that treatment of 3 and 4 higher precent PUFA and HUFA were significant. And enriched with Vitamin C in the early days of fish fed with increasing activeA group of essential fatty acids and is associated with increased survival rate (p<0.05). Brachionus calyciflorus With Other freshwater rotifer along the first three to four days active feeding larvae, Live food, sometimes a good Live meal, sometimes working in htchery and farming before will be release.

One of the essential factors in zooplankton culture is dissolved oxygen (DO), especially copepods. This is because of DO effects on their growth and reproductive parameters. Effects of different DO concentrations on growth and production of cyclopoid copepod Metacyclops gracilis fed on green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda were investigated in laboratory conditions. Experiment treatments were 2, 3, 4, and 6mg/l of DO. Results showed that mean total production (nauplii+copepodids+adults) of M. gracilis were 3666.7, 3133.3, 3600.0 and 3733.3ind./1 at 2, 3, 4, and 6mg/1 DO, respectively. While total nauplii production was 1533.3, 2000.0, 2466.7 and 2800.0ind./l, and copepodids were 1266.7, 666.7, 600.0, and 600.0ind./l, respectively. The specific growth rates (SGR) of M. gracilis were 0.088, 0.082, 0.061 and 0.081/day at 2, 3, 4, and 6mg/1 DO, respectively. This study showed that M. gracilis can grow and produce at different concentrations of DO, but at 4 and 6mg/1 DO nauplii stage and at 2 and 3mg/1 DO adults stage significantly increased in population. This species could be used as Live food for fish larval rearing in aquaculture industry.

This study carried out to investigate the Live food selectivity of Persian sturgeon (A. persicus) fry in six treatments in four earthen ponds during spring 2013 for 40 days. For this purpose, sampling was performed from zooplankton and benthos of earthen ponds and stomach content of 240 fry. In order to determine the electivity index for each prey item, the abundance of prey in the stomach and earthen ponds was investigated. The range of electivity was from-1 to 1, where 1 indicates positive selection for prey items and-1 indicates avoidance of prey items and zero shows random selection. The frequency of rotifer and daphnia were 172. 6 and 123. 8, respectively, and they were dominant among the six aquatic animals at treatment 6. The chironomid larvae (Chironomus sp. ) had the highest frequency of 40. 25 in the third sampling. Although the content of the stomach was daphnia, diaptomus, chironomid larvae (Chironomus sp. ), daphnia, and chironomid larvae were the dominant organisms. The highest positive electivity of daphnia (0. 83) was observed in treatment 3, while, the highest frequency of chironomid (0. 59) was detected in treatment 6. After 30 days, a strong positive selection for chironomid and weak positive selection was observed for daphnia.